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4, pp 1224 1234, July 2004 [40] Y Zhou, P C Yip, and H Leung, On the ef cient prediction of fractal signals, IEEE Trans Signal Process, vol 45, no 7, pp 1865 1868, July 1997 [41] S Choi and K Shin, A uni ed wireless LAN architecture for real-time and non-realtime communication services, IEEE/ACM Trans Network, vol 8, no 1, pp 44 59, Feb 2000 [42] K Nicholas, V Jacobson, and L Zhang, A two-bit differentiated services architecture for the internet, Internet draft, Apr 1999 [43] C Dovrolis, D Stiliadis, and P Rmamanathan, Proportional differentiated services: delay differentiation and packet scheduling, Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM, Aug 1999 [44] C Dovrolis, Proportional differentiated services for the internet, PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin Madison, 2000 [45] M R Jeong, K Kakami, H Morikawa, and T Aoyama, Wireless scheduler providing relative delay differentiation, Proceedings of WPMC, pp.

In the case of the 802.11a/g OFDM signals, probably the most important impact of phase noise on the signal is the loss of orthogonality on the subcarriers due to the inter-subcarrier interference caused by the PLL phase noise. Since each subcarrier has a bandwidth of 312.5 kHz, it is clear that the integrated phase noise of the closed-loop PLL across this bandwidth is quite important. The loop bandwidth of the 802.11 PLL is set by consideration of many criteria but is often selected to be in the few hundred kilohertz range. As such, since the phase noise typically rolls off after the loop bandwidth frequency, the interference of the subcarriers to the second and third adjacent subcarriers becomes less of an issue. The integrated phase noise over a 312.5-kHz bandwidth degrades the self-SNR of each subcarrier. Another specification of interest for 802.11a/g systems is the integrated single-sided phase noise of the PLL across the entire channel (up to 8.125 MHz). This number is indicative of the PN-induced interference of any subcarrier with the other subcarriers. Beyond a 8.125-MHz offset, phase noise can cause interchannel interference (e.g., ACI). In general, the effect of phase noise on the OFDM constellation (as com-

Assuming that each hotspot covers an area of 100 100 m2 , we will need a few tens of thousands hotspots to cover a metropolitan area Each hotspot has an access point with a high-speed connection to the wired Internet using T-1, DSL, cable, or ber These Internet connections have recurring monthly charges Therefore, this hotspot architecture is costly and not scalable for a large area The second method is to bring high-speed Internet access to existing mobile telephone users Given the fact that the cellular wireless networks already have nearubiquitous coverage and allow high user mobility speeds, there is no problem in ensuring wireless access anytime anywhere Examples of this method are HSPA (high-speed packet access) [2] in GSM systems and 1xEV-DO (evolution data optimized) [3] in CDMA2000 systems.

1050 1055, Nov 2000 [46] P-Y Kong, K C Chua, and B Bensaou, Compound QoS commitments for a wireless network with variable capacity, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp 1232 1235, Aug 2001 [47] P-Y Kong, K C Chua, and B Bensaou, A novel scheduling scheme to share dropping ratio while guaranteeing a delay bound in a multicode-CDMA network, IEEE/ACM Trans Network, vol 11, no 6, pp 994 1006, Dec 2003 [48] D Li and P-Y Kong, A scheme to provide proportionally differentiated end-to-end packet delay in wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks, Proceedings of the 5th IFIP Networking Conference Networking 2006, Springer LNCS 3976, pp 1 12, May 2006 [49] P-Y Kong, D Li, and Y Zhang, Quality of service in wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks: a cross-layer framework, Wireless Quality-of-Service: Techniques, Standards, and Applications, CRC Press, pp.

However, due to limited bandwidth and large transmission range, the data rate in such cellular wireless networks is normally much lower than that in a Wi-Fi hotspot For example, 1xEV-DO can offer a maximum downlink data rate of 24 Mbps shared among all users within a cell The more challenging uplink access will have a maximum data rate of 153 kbps These relatively moderate data rates do not come cheap with the multibillion-dollar spectral license costs and high infrastructure costs incurred by the network operators Also, the limited shared data rate will upper-bound the number of users supported in a cell Hence, despite the promise to provide a genuine ubiquitous wireless access, the cellular network architecture has a signi cant limitation in terms of performance/cost ratio.

where the correlator usually chooses the maximum t (tmax) for the maximum SNR, namely 2 1 r(t) p(t tmax ) 1 jr(t)j dt q q dt SNR 1 1 N0 Zload 1 2 2 1 jr(t)j dt 1 jp(t)j dt 1 jr(t)j2 dt 1 (F(r(t), p(t)))2 N0 Zload 1

179 218, Oct 2008 [50] P-Y Kong, K C Chua, and B Bensaou, MultiCode-DRR: a packet scheduling algorithm for delay guarantee in a MultiCode-CDMA network, IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, vol 4, no 6, pp 2694 2704, Nov 2005..